
For China, its diplomacy, including policymaking and the philosophy of its foreign affairs, is facing new challenges after having yielded tremendous achievements and made phenomenal changes both internally and externally in the past 30 years of reform and opening-up.
Generally, China's diplomatic thoughts and practices mainly originate from the following aspects: First, universally accepted norms, standards and customs of international relations that have formed the basis of the world order.
Second, the heritage of traditional Chinese thinking and culture such as magnanimity, embodied by Confucius's millenniums-old saying of "do not do to others what you would not have them do to you".
Third, reflection on the humiliating history the Chinese nation suffered because of invasions of imperialists since the two opium wars (1839-42 and 1856-60 respectively).
Fourth, summing-up of diplomatic practices since the foundation of the People's Republic of China, especially what has been experienced since the reform and opening- up started.
Fourth, summing-up of diplomatic practices since the foundation of the People's Republic of China, especially what has been experienced since the reform and opening- up started.
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